The supercritical antisolvent (SAS) process has been used to produce submicronic Bronze Red particles. Among the process parameters, the pressure, temperature, and flow rate of the solution were studied. Two different solvents, ethanol and acetone, were also studied. The concentration of the liquid solution was kept unchanged in all of the experiments. The size and morphology of particles were affected by the temperature, pressure, and flow rate when ethanol was used as the solvent. Nevertheless, the size and morphology of the crystals precipitated from acetone were little sensitive to temperature and pressure but were influenced only by the flow rate. It was indicated that the interaction between the solute and the solvent played an important role in controlling the morphology and size of the crystals of Bronze Red under the same concentration.

The wet ammonia desulfurization process can be retrofitted for combined removal of SO2 and NO from the flue gases by adding soluble cobalt(Ⅱ) salt into the aqueous ammonia solution. Activated carbon is used to catalyze the reduction of hexamminecobalt(Ⅲ) to hexamminecobalt(Ⅱ) to maintain the capability of removing NO of the hexamminecobalt solution. The effects of temperature, pH, activated carbon particle size, and superficial liquid flow velocity on hexamminecobalt(Ⅲ) conversion have been investigated. An apparent activation energy is obtained. According to the experimental results, the catalytic reduction reaction rate increases with temperature. The batch reactor experiments show that the best pH range lies in between 3.5 and 6.5. In a fixed-bed reactor, superficial liquid flow velocity obviously affects the reaction and a high yield of cobalt(Ⅱ) is obtained at a pH value lower than 9.0. The experiments manifest that the hexamminecobalt solution coupled with catalytic regeneration of hexamminecobalt(Ⅱ) can maintain a high nitric oxide removal efficiency during a period of time.

Five models for fishbone-type carbon nanofibers (f-CNFs) have been proposed and their geometries have been optimized through molecular dynamics and molecular mechanics simulations. The angle between graphene layers and fiber axis can take the values 9.71, 19.60, 30.03, 41.99, and 56.43, which agree satisfactorily with the experimentally determined values. With reduction of the angle, the interlayer spacing of graphene sheets increases from 0.3376nm to 0.3392nm accordingly, due to the strain of the graphitic cones. In addition, X-ray diffraction (XRD) simulations are also implemented. With the high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) results taken into account, the XRDsimulations verify that f-CNFs can adopt not only a regular arrangement but also a turbostratic way, and our models are good approximations for describing the bulk microstructures of f-CNFs.

Electrosynthesis of glyoxylic acidby electroreduction of oxalic acidhas long been well known. However, attempts to commercialize the process have encountered problems due to rapid deactivation of the cathode. The cathode activity can be continuously restored by adding small amounts of chemical activators to the catholyte. In this paper the structural e5ect of chemical activator on electrode reaction is studied. The results show that (1) It is the cation of the chemical activator, but not the anion that a5ects the current e6ciency and the reaction selectivity. (2) The more symmetrical the cation, or the shorter the longest alkyl chain, the higher the current e6ciency and the reaction selectivity become. (3) Mechanism of the activation is discussed. Adsorption of the cations of the activator on the cathode surface protects the electrode. (4) Quantitative characterization of the activator molecule is given using some topological indices, with which the activation ability can be predicted, and screening of the proper activator is made possible.