Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a polygenetic disorder resulting from interaction of both hereditary and environmental factors. Diet is an important environmental factor in the development of T2DM. However, there existed inconsistent conclusions among previous studies. The validity of a study of associations between diet and diabetes depends on the method used in the study. Associations between individual nutrients/foods and T2DM have been explored even till today, but the controversy is still unsolved due to the limitations of the study methods such as interactions among nutrients. Emergence of analyses on dietary patterns and diabetes shows its popularity in the studies of associations of dietary patterns with T2DM, but only a few articles have been published. In this review, dietary-pattern-related studies since 1990 were identified by searching through Medline and PubMed in order to analyze methods used in the studies of diabetes. A dietary pattern approach was introduced as an alternative complementary way used to test associations of diet with risk of T2DM and the advantages of the studies of T2DM using this new approach are also explored. It is concluded that the dietary pattern approach shows its advantages over that using individual nutrients or foods in studies on associations between the diet and diabetes, but its reproducibility and validity for such effects, however, need to be further verified in different ethnic population-based on diverse eating habits. The long-term effects of a beneficial dietary pattern on T2DM also require clarifying in future studies.

Objective:To explore the dietary patterns and changes in population of northeastern Chinese over time. Design:A longitudinal, descriptive, comparative, population-based study. Setting:Heilongjiang, China. Study participants:1468 and 1418 participants aged 0-95 who had complete records on the three 24-hour dietary recalls in 1997 and 2000 surveys, respectively. Results:Differences in food consumption and nutrient intake existed in groups divided by gender, residence and household income. The staple food was cereals which offered 53. 4–70. 1% of the total energy in diet of any populations, and the next was fat and protein with 19. 2–34. 3% and 10. 4–12. 0%, respectively. Fat and protein devoted more proportion of energy than carbohydrate did in diet of the participants in developed and urban areas, and with higher income. Conclusion:Certain increases in energy from protein, alongside a significant rise in energy from fat and a visible decline in energy from carbohydrate, were documented as main features in dietary patterns of Northeastern Chinese during the study period.

目的 观察学龄期儿童血压水平的特点和变化趋势，探讨影响儿童血压水平的危险因素，为进一步开展高血压的病因和防治研究工作提供科学依据。方法 以大庆市小学新入学儿童为研究对象，进行为期五年的前瞻性研究。对研究对象每年进行身高、体重和血压的测量，隔年进行甘油三酯、血糖和血胰岛素的测定。统计分析采用SPSS10.0软件包。结果 447例研究对象中，基线调查高血压患病率2.01%、血压偏高者15.44%，至第五年患病率增至5.37%、血压偏高者19.46%。五年间，收缩压由100.65±11.62mmHg增至106.67±9.29mmHg，舒张压由66.27±11.31mmHg增至70.28±7.98mmHg，第五年男、女生差异显著。高血压家族史、体重指数、甘油三酯、血胰岛素、胰岛素抵抗指数和胰岛素敏感指数与血压水平有关联，其中家族史、体重指数和胰岛素敏感指数对血压的变异解释最有意义，家族史与收缩压和血胰岛素的差异与肥胖有关，胰岛素敏感性降低有独立作用。结论 该地区学龄期儿童高血压的患病率高于全国平均水平，肥胖、遗传和胰岛素抵抗是高血压发生的主要危险因素，这三者可独立作用，亦可相互协同。控制体重指数和增加机体胰岛素敏感性对高血压的防治有重要意义。

目的：自孕妇外周血中检测胎儿γ血红蛋白基因及探索Gel Works 1D软件应用于PCR扩增产物的定性分析。方法：提取孕妇全血mRNA，经体外逆转录后，应用ε/γ引物引导扩增胎儿特异血红蛋白基因片段，以NdeⅡ内切酶对其酶切，经琼脂糖凝胶电泳，凝胶成像系统扫描成像，用Gel Works 1D软件对凝胶图像进行定性分析。结果：成功自孕妇外周血中扩增出胎儿ε/γ血红蛋白基因。定性标准曲线公式：Y=01035 92X2—11194X+1092,R2=0.9978，精确度为98.6 %。ε/γ基因被NdeⅡ酶切成三个γ基因片断，大小分别为191bp、57bp和26bp。结论：Gel Works 1D软件可以对PCR扩增产物进行定性分析，孕妇全血中微量的胎儿mRNA已基本满足体外逆转录及扩增的要求，胎儿γ血红蛋白基因的检测可为无创伤性产前诊断的发展奠定基础。

目的 探索检测孕妇外周血中胎儿γ血红蛋白基因表达的方法。方法 提取孕妇全血mRNA，经体外逆转录后，用反转录聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)方法，应用ε/γ特异引物引导扩增胎儿ε/γ血红蛋白基因,以NdeⅡ酶切后，经琼脂糖凝胶电泳，在凝胶成像系统下观察。结果 成功自孕妇外周血中扩增出胎儿ε/γ血红蛋白基因，ε/γ基因被NdeⅡ酶切成三个γ基因片断，大小分别为191、57和26bp。结论 孕妇全血中微量的胎儿mRNA已基本满足体外逆转录及扩增的要求，胎儿γ血红蛋白基因的检测可为无创伤性产前诊断的发展奠定基础。

妇外周血中胎儿细胞的发现和分子生物学技术的进步，为无创伤性产前诊断技术的发展开辟了新途径。这一技术与传统的产前细胞学检查相比，对母亲和胎儿更安全可靠且更易为孕妇所接受。本文就无创伤性产前诊断技术的方法、最新技术、存在的困难及其发展前景做一简要介绍。

目的 探索检测孕妇外周血中胎儿特异血红蛋白基因表达的方法。方法 提取孕妇全血mRNA，经体外逆转录后，用逆转录—聚合酶链反应(RT2PCR)方法，应用ε/γ特异引物引导扩增胎儿特异血红蛋白基因片段，经琼脂糖凝胶电泳后，在凝胶成像系统下观察。结果 在7名妊娠妇女中，6名扩增出ε/γ基因片段，1名为阴性。结论 应用RT-PCR方法可直接从孕妇全血中扩增出胎儿特异血红蛋白基因片段，孕妇全血中微量的胎儿mRNA已基本满足体外逆转录及扩增的要求。利用孕妇外周血进行的无创伤性产前诊断具有可行性。

目的 检测孕妇外周血中胎儿血红蛋白基因表达，为无创伤性产前诊断奠定基础。方法 提取孕妇全血mRNA，经体外逆转录后，用RT-PCR方法，应用ε/γ引物引导扩增胎儿血红蛋白基因片段，经琼脂糖凝胶电泳后，在凝胶成像系统下观察。结果 在50例妊娠妇女中，44例扩增出ε/γ基因片段，6例为阴性。结论 应用RT-PCR方法可直接从孕妇全血中扩增出胎儿血红蛋白基因片段，孕妇全血中微量的胎儿mRNA已基本满足体外逆转录及扩增的要求。利用孕妇外周血进行的无创伤性产前诊断具有可行性。

目的 分析孕妇外周血中胎儿mRNA的含量及不同孕期不同性别胎儿mRNA含量的变化。方法 2000年9~12月哈尔滨医科大学公共卫生学院等单位提取孕妇全血mRNA，经体外逆转录后，应用ε/γ引物引导扩增胎儿特异血红蛋白基因片段，同时用不同剂量标准mRNA经逆转录及PCR扩增后，琼脂糖凝胶电泳图用凝胶成像系统扫描成像，用Gel Works 1D软件分析凝胶图像，绘制定量标准曲线，对样品进行定量分析。结果 50例样品中44例扩增出了胎儿ε/γ基因片段(274bp)，6例为阴性。定量标准曲线公式：Y=-2.83×10-5X2+0.06045X－2.265，R2=0.9401，胎儿mRNA在孕妇外周血中的质量浓度均值为20.79μg/L，最大值59.72μg/L，最小值0.24μg/L。不同孕期及不同性别胎儿mRNA含量统计学上差异无显著性意义。结论 应用反转录聚合酶链反应（RT-PCR）方法可直接自孕妇外周血中扩增出胎儿ε/γ球蛋白基因片段，对孕妇全血中的胎儿mRNA进行定量分析，为探索胎儿mRNA含量变化与异常妊娠的关系奠定了基础。

. 4) and 7-12 months of age (OR=1. 5;95% CI:1. 0-2. 1) was associated with a twofold higher risk of type 1 diabetes, while steamed bread consumption (4-6 months, OR=0. 44;95% CI:0. 28-0. 68;7-12 months, OR=0. 48;95% CI:0. 34-0. 69) and higher SES (4-6 months, OR=0. 55;95% CI:0. 39-0. 78;7-12 months, OR=0. 57;95% CI:0. 40-0. 83) were negatively associated. Drinking cow’s milk at 7-12 months (OR=0. 60;95% CI:0. 43-0. 85) was negatively associated with type 1 diabetes while consuming vegetables at 4-6 months (OR=1. 5;95% CI:1. 0-2. 2) was positively associated. Results suggest that infant milk and solid food intake are associated with type 1 diabetes in China. Prospective studies may determine how these dietary factors impact disease etiology, particularly for at-risk-populations.