通过透射电镜对水稻（Oryza sativa L.）功能大孢子形成开始至胚囊成熟期间胚囊壁的形成与发育进行观察，结果表明：水稻胚囊壁是在原有功能大孢子壁的基础上，通过与其周围退化珠心细胞留下的壁相叠合，使壁加厚。功能大孢子近合点端壁存在胞间连丝，其中个别胞间连丝可保留到八核胚囊。胚囊壁上内突最早于四核胚囊近珠孔端发生。八核胚囊形成后，内突的发育在胚囊木同的细胞中表现不同，其中以中央细胞最具特点，毒现为先在中央细胞与珠心相接的近珠孔端和近合点端两个区域的胚囊壁上形成，以后近珠孔端胚囊壁上的内突大量增加，而近合点端的却增加不明显，中部胚囊壁上的内突出现的时间相对较晚。到胚囊成熟时，近珠孔端胚囊壁上内突的分布密度最大，中部次之，近合点端的最小，三个区域上内突的形态各异。反足细胞与珠心相接的胚囊壁上内突的形成时间较早，但以后的发育却相对缓慢，数量增加不明显。2个助细胞交界处胚囊壁上的丝状器在胚囊未明显膨大时已形成。卵细胞除在与助细胞交界处的壁外，其它部位不形成明显的内突结构。

利用粳稻台中65作研究材料，采用活体小孢子观察及塑料半薄切片观察，对水稻花药培养下小孢子的发育命运及药壁组织的结构变化进行了研究。离体培养下小孢子发育类型可划分为四类：正常形态小孢子、脱分化小孢子、淀粉积累小孢子和液泡化小孢子。明确了脱分化小孢子的发育过程，其显著特点是：核位置改变，细胞质重组。离体培养下花药壁发育特点为绒毡层首先降解，随后中层细胞膨大。预冷处理会抑制药壁绒毡层降解，同时促进中层细胞膨大，药壁此种变化有助于小孢子脱分化的发生。

The cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) of wildabortive (WA) cytoplasm has been widely used for breeding hybrid rice. Two restorer genes for the CMS have been found by traditional genetic analysis. To tag the restorer genes we used a set of near-isogenic lines (NILs) of Zhenshan 97 carrying different genotypes for fertility restoration from IR24, to perform RAPD analysis. From the survey of 720 random primers, six RAPD markers were identified to be associated with Rf-3. Three of these OPK05-800, OPU10-1100 and OPW01350, were mapped on chromosome 1. Two Fa populations from the crosses between Zhenshan 97 A and a near-isogenic restorer line ZSR21 and between Zhenshan 97 A and IR24 were used for mapping Rf-3. The three RAPD markers and three RFLP markers, RG532, RG140 and RG458, were found to be closely linked to Rf-3 in the two F2 populations. The same location of RJ-3 was also found in a BC1 population from the cross of IR58025 A//IR36/IR58025 B. At the RG532 locus, different alleles were found between two CMS lines, Zhenshan 97 A and IR58025 A, and between two restorer lines, IR24 and IR36. The use of these molecular markers closely linked to Rf-3 in facilitating the development of hybrid rice is discussed.