综合近年国内外对植物抗病基因的研究和我们对水稻抗病基因的研究成果，对植物抗病基因进行归纳分类，并就其结构、功能、作用机理和信号传导进行分析和讨论。根据植物抗病基因编码蛋白的保守结构，将植物抗病基因分成NBS-LRR、eLRR-TM、eLRR-TM-pkinase、STK和其他五大类。不同类型的基因在细胞水平上的分布不一样，NBS、激酶和LRR在不同类型的基因之间结构差异也较大，但是它们通过各不相同的作用机理参与细胞对病原体的防御。

综合近年国内外对植物抗病基因的研究和我们对水稻抗病基因的研究成果，对植物抗病基因进行归纳分类，并就其结构、功能、作用机理和信号传导进行分析和讨论。根据植物抗病基因编码蛋白的保守结构，将植物抗病基因分成NBS-LRR、eLRR-TM、eLRR-TM-pkinase、STK和其他五大类。不同类型的基因在细胞水平上的分布不一样，NBS、激酶和LRR在不同类型的基因之间结构差异也较大，但是它们通过各不相同的作用机理参与细胞对病原体的防御。

A complete set of candidate disease resistance (R) genes encoding nucleotide-binding sites (NBSs) was identified in the genome sequence of japonica rice (Oryza sativa L. var. Nipponbare). These putative R genes were characterized with respect to structural diversity, phylogenetic relationships and chromosomal distribution, and compared with those in Arabidopsis thaliana. We found 535 NBS-coding sequences, including 480 non-TIR (Toll/IL-1 receptor) NBS-LRR (Leucine Rich Repeat) genes. TIR NBS-LRR genes, which are common in A. thaliana, have not been identified in the rice genome. The number of non-TIR NBS-LRR genes in rice is 8.7 times higher than that in A. thaliana, and they account for about 1% of all of predicted ORFs in the rice genome. Some 76% of the NBS genes were located in 44 gene clusters or in 57 tandem arrays, and 16 apparent gene duplications were detected in these regions. Phylogenetic analyses based both NBS and N-terminal regions classified the genes into about 200 groups, but no deep clades were detected, in contrast to the two distinct clusters found in A. thaliana. The structural and genetic diversity that exists among NBS-LRR proteins in rice is remarkable, and suggests that diversifying selection has played an important role in the evolution of R genes in this agronomically important species.

A novel real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method using an attached universal template (UT) probe is described. The UT is an approximately 20 base attachment to the 5' end of a PCR primer, and it can hybridize with a complementary TaqMan probe. One of the advantages of this method is that different target DNA sequences can be detected employing the same UT probe, which substantially reduces the cost of real-time PCR setup. In addition, this method could be used for simultaneous detection using a 6-carboxy-fluoresceinlabeled UT probe for the target gene and a 5-hexachloro-fluorescein-labeled UT probe for the reference gene in a multiplex reaction. Moreover, the requirement of target DNA length for UT-PCR analysis is relatively flexible, and it could be as short as 56bp in this report, suggesting the possibility of detecting target DNA from partially degraded samples. The UT-PCR system with degenerate primers could also be designed to screen homologous genes. Taken together, our results suggest that the UT-PCR technique is efficient, reliable, inexpensive and less labor-intensive for quantitative PCR analysis.

通过拒食活性的生物学观察和刺吸电位技术（EPG）研究了夹竹桃、香樟、银杏和番茄等四种植物的鲜叶水溶性提取物对棉蚜取食行为的影响。结果表明：四种植物的水溶性粗提液和氯氰菊酯具有明显的拒食效应，而且拒食效果随着浓度的提高和作用时间的延长而提高，但当作用时间从2 h 增加到4h时，香樟、番茄水溶性粗提液对棉蚜的拒食效果却明显下降。因此，香樟和番茄水溶性粗提液中起拒食驱避作用的成分很可能具挥发性。EPG分析显示：四种粗提液和氯氰菊酯使棉蚜有效取食（E1、E2和G波）的持续时间极显著地缩短，E1、E2波持续时间分别缩短至对照的29%以下和23%以下，G波持续时间缩短至对照的56%以下；寻找取食部位（C波）的持续时间显著延长，而此过程中棉蚜口针短暂穿刺植物细胞膜（pd波）的频率明显减少；除香樟外，还极显著地延长棉蚜的非取食行为（np波）的持续时间（2倍以上）。因此，与氯氰菊酯一样，夹竹桃、香樟、银杏和番茄等四种植物的鲜叶水溶性提取物显著影响棉蚜取食行为。