综述了植物蛋白酶抑制剂抗虫与抗病作用的研究进展。蛋白酶抑制剂广泛存在于植物体内，与植物抗虫抗病密切相关。植物蛋白酶抑制剂能抑制昆虫肠道蛋白酶，使昆虫生长发育缓慢，甚至死亡。但取食蛋白酶抑制剂后，昆虫能迅速分泌对抑制剂不敏感的蛋白酶，而使蛋白酶抑制剂无效。食物蛋白的含量和质量也影响植物蛋白酶抑制剂的抗虫效果。病原菌的感染能诱导植物产生蛋白酶抑制剂，诱导产生的蛋白酶抑制剂能抑制病原菌的生长。

酸性成纤维细胞生长因子（aFGF）是一种重要的生长因子，其生物学效应广泛，具有潜在的临床应用价值。文章概述了aFGF及其受体的结构与功能关系的研究进展，提出了aFGF临床使用时可能存在的问题。

以几丁质为底物，加入基本盐培养基中，诱导球孢白僵菌（Beauveria bassiana）产生分解昆虫表皮的蛋白酶。诱导物中，蝉蜕诱导的蛋白酶总活性、比活较高，经超滤、离子交换层析、亲和层析、制备性IEF电洗脱纯化了一种有凝乳弹性蛋白酶（Prl）活性的蛋白酶BbPrl。经SDS-PAGE电泳银染后呈单带，HILC凝胶过滤显示单峰。BbPrl为单体酶，分子量为33.6kD左右，pI为7.4。底物专一性测定显示，BbPrl能水解Phe或ku形成的酰胺键和肽键。BbPrl可被PMSF抑制，表明其活性中心有Ser残基；BbPrl还可被胰凝乳蛋白酶抑制剂TPCK和凝乳弹性蛋白酶抑制剂TEI等所抑制；胰蛋白酶抑制剂LeupepUin和Epianstatin，及胃蛋白酶抑制剂Pepstain对BbPrl活性无影响。还研究了BbPrl的最适作用pH和pH稳定性。

研究了不同碳氮源对金龟子绿僵菌（Metarhizium anisopliae）产生与分解昆虫外壳相关的蛋白酶活性和同工酶谱带的影响。结果表明:蝉蜕、虻虫壳、蝇蛆壳、蚕蛹壳、虾壳、胶体几丁质均可使金龟子绿僵菌产生蛋白酶，虾壳和胶体几丁质所产生的蛋白酶比活性最高，蝉蜕次之。但蛋白酶总活性以蝉蜕最高，虻虫壳次之。样品经等电聚焦电泳后，印迹于X光片上，显示蛋白酶同工酶，蝉蜕和蚕蛹壳产生的蛋白酶同工酶谱带最丰富。以蝉蜕为唯一碳氮源时，金龟子绿僵菌产生蛋白酶的最佳条件为26℃、初始pH6.0、最终孢子浓度n=1×107mL-1。

以蝉蜕为底物诱导绿僵菌产生分解昆虫外壳蛋白酶。发酵液经超滤、Ultrogel AcA54凝胶层析、制备IEF电泳，纯化了一种蛋白酶MAP-21，SDS-PAGE电泳后经银染色呈单带。该酶的Mr 为27kD左右，pI为716。它的特异识别氨基酸为Arg，其活性可被PMSF和TLCK抑制，表明其活性中心有Ser和His残基。它还可被胰蛋白酶的典型抑制剂Leu-peptin、Antipain及STI等所抑制，而胰凝乳蛋白酶抑制剂TPCK和胰凝乳弹性蛋白酶抑制剂TEI对其活性无影响。专一底物和抑制剂特性试验结果表明MAP-21是类胰蛋白酶。此外，该酶还可被EDTA所抑制，表明金属离子为其活性所必需。另外还研究了MAP-21的最适作用温度和pH，以及温度耐受性等特性。

采用再生几丁质亲和层析和两性电解质等电聚焦电泳，纯化了扁豆荚几丁酶，其分子量30kD，等电点为9.1，主要呈内切酶活性。扁豆荚中不同组织几丁酶比活力有很大差异。在豆荚发育过程中，其酶活性变化呈单峰曲线，而比活力则持续上升，表明扁豆几丁酶活性变化与发育相关。经HgCl2处理后，扁豆荚壳和种子的几丁酶活性均明显提高。在扁豆荚发育的不同阶段，几丁酶的诱导特性也有明显差异，幼嫩豆荚几丁酶诱导活性的增加更为明显。

Trehalose is the main haemolymph sugar in most insects including the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta, and is potentially a prime target for an invading pathogenic fungus. There was considerably more trehalose-hydrolysing activity in the haemolymph of caterpillars infected with Metarhizium anisopliae than in controls. This appeared to be due primarily to additional isoforms; one of which could also hydrolyse maltose and was designated an a-glucosidase. A comparable isoform was identified in in vitro culture of the fungus, supporting a fungal origin for the in vivo enzyme. The in vitro fungal enzyme, a-glucosidase-1 (a-gluc-1), was purified to homogeneity and partially characterised. A study with the trehalase inhibitor trehazolin and C14 trehalose suggested that extracellular hydrolysis is important for fungal mobilisation of trehalose. Haemolymph glucose increases significantly during mycosis of tobacco hornworm larvae by M. anisopliae, consistent with the hydrolysis of trehalose by extracellular fungal enzymes. The implications for the host insect are discussed.

Aneutral trehalase gene (NTH1) was isolated from a kEMBL3 genomic library of the insect pathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae. Sequencing of the gene revealed extensive homology with other fungal neutral trehalases. The NTH1 gene exists as a single copy in the genome. Two STREs exist in the 50UTR of NTH1, which may mediate transcriptional activation of the NTH1 gene in response to various stresses. The NTH1 gene encodes a protein of 737 amino acids with a calculated Mr of 83.1kDa. Acyclic adenosine 30,50-monophosphate-dependent phosphorylation consensus site and a putative calcium binding site were found in the amino-terminal domain of NTH1, consistent with a regulatory enzyme. Expression of the trehalase cDNAwas achieved in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Southern blot analysis of RT-PCR products indicated that the neutral trehalase gene is transcribed in vitro in cell-free haemolymph of the tobacco hornworm Manduca sexta and in vivo in the early stage of infection.

A comparison has been made between the effects of wounding, chemical stimulation of the immune system and fungal infection on acid phosphatase (AcP) activity in the haemolymph of the desert locust, Schistocerca gregaria. Untreated control locusts had constitutive levels of AcP. As a lysosomal enzyme, AcP may have a role in autophagy and cell turn over as well as defence. Injection of saline and b-1,3-glucan caused significant increases in haemocyte and plasma AcP. AcP activity also increased in the haemolymph on the 3rd day after inoculation with the entomopathogenic fungus M. anisopliae var acridum. This coincided with a decline in the total haemocyte count and a marked reduction in the proportion of plasmatocytes and coagulocytes that stained positive for AcP. Therefore a priori it seemed unlikely that the extra AcP in infected insects came from the host. A fungal origin for the enzyme was suggested by the identification of AcP isoforms from haemolymph of different treatments. Control inoculated (oil only) insects had an AcP at a pI of 4.3 that was stimulated further by the injection of laminarin. Additional isoforms appeared at around 7.3–7.5 in the laminarin treatment. However, the 4.3 isoform appeared to be suppressed in the insects infected with M. anisopliae var acridum. The band intensity was more like that of the control than the laminarin-injected insects. Two new isoforms appeared later on in infection. These enzymes had pIs that corresponded to some of the AcPs produced in vitro by the fungus. The results are discussed in the light of the possible benefits of secreted fungal acid phosphatases to the pathogen.