为解决电化学水处理技术中提高电催化效率和延长电极寿命的问题，在综合以上两方面国内外的研究成果及解决途径的基础上，指出DSA电极因其高的稳定性，且可通过设计制备-定结构的表面涂层而获得具有不同结构的阳极材料：DSA电极用于有机物氧化降解存在直接和间接电化学氧化两种过程，而涂层表面结构中氧空位浓度与电极性质密切相关。

Laboratory experiments were carried out on the kinetics and pathways of the electrochemical (EC) degradation of phenol at three different types of anodes, Ti/SnO2-Sb, Ti/RuO2, and Pt. Although phenol was oxidised by all of the anodes at a current density of 20mA/cm2 or a cell voltage of 4.6V, there was a considerable difference between the three anode types in the effectiveness and performance of EC organic degradation. Phenol was readily mineralized at the Ti/SnO2-Sb anode, but its degradation was much slower at the Ti/RuO2 and Pt anodes. The analytical results of highperformance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC/MS) indicated that the intermediate products of EC phenol degradation, including benzoquinone and organic acids, were subsequently oxidised rapidly by the Ti/SnO2-Sb anode, but accumulated in the cells of Ti/RuO2 and Pt. There was also a formation of dark-coloured polymeric compounds and precipitates in the solutions electrolyzed by the Ti/RuO2 and Pt anodes, which was not observed for the Ti/SnO2-Sb cells. It is argued that anodic property not only affects the reaction kinetics of various steps of EC organic oxidation, but also alters the pathway of phenol electrolysis. Favourable surface treatment, such as the SnO2-Sb coating, provides the anode with an apparent catalytic function for rapid organic oxidation that is probably brought about by hydroxyl radicals generated from anodic water electrolysis.

为提高Ti/SnO2电极的电催化性能,采用溶胶- 凝胶法,并结合高温热处理工艺制备了钛基SnO2纳米涂层电催化电极. 以苯酚为目标污染物,考察了所制备电极的电催化性能,并采用XRD、SEM、XPS等方法研究了制备的SnO2纳米涂层电极的表面形貌、晶粒粒径、元素组成和表面元素的化学环境等. 研究结果表明:由于纳米涂层具有较大的比表面积,使得所制备电极的性能较非纳米涂层的钛基二氧化锡电极大为提高,完全降解等量苯酚所需时间减少了33.3%. 电极表面主要是四方相金红石结构的SnO2晶体,粒径在10nm以下.

Elecrtochemical degradation of phenol was evaluated at five typical anodes for mineralization to carbon dioxide or for being a pre-treatment method in toxic aromatic compounds. Three kinds of RuO2-base electrodes were prepared by thermal deposition, which were coated by the oxides of Ru or by Ru, Sn and Sb or by Ru, Sn, Sb and Gd on Ti metal surface, respectively. Another electrode Ti/PbO2 was prepared by electro-deposition method with PbO2 coated on Ti. A Pt electrode was chosen for comparison. Characteristics of the typical five electrodes were investigated by cyclic voltammetry, SEM and its degradation ability for phenol. Performance for phenol degradation of the three RuO2 electrodes lie in: Ti/Sb-Sn-RuO2-Gd>Ti/Sb-Sn-RuO2>Ti/RuO2 and the electrode with b-PbO2 coating was superior to RuO2-based electrodes and Pt electrode. Aromatic ring opening take place at all esearched electrodes and it is supposed that electrolysis run stop at different intermediates, such as benzoquinone, maleic acid, etc. Under the present experimental conditions, whole mineralization to CO2 takes place only in the b-PbO2 anode. A pathway of electrochemical degradation of phenol was suggested based on the experimental analysis.

采用循环伏安和Tafel曲线两种方法评价了Pt电极、钛基二氧化钌电极（Ti/RuO2）及钛基二氧化锡电极（Ti/SnO2）的电催化氧化性能,结果表明，在500mg/L的苯酚溶液中，Pt, Ti/RuO2和Ti/SnO2电极氧化苯酚的峰电位依次为0.93，0.95和1.40V（vs Ag/AgCI）,Tafel曲线表明，三种电极析氧过电位的顺序依次是Ti/RuO＜Pt＜Ti/SnO2，Ti/SnO2电极的Tafel斜率约为0.45V，且在高电流密度下其析氧过电位较Ti/RuO2电极高1.4V,以苯甲酸为羟基自由基捕获剂，采用荧光光谱法间接检测了三种电极生成羟基自由基的量,结果表明，·OH生成量的大小与电极的析氧电位高低顺序相一致，Ti/SnO2电极较另两种电极生成的·OH多

Series batch experiments were made to investigate the influences of pH and temperature on the ac2 tivity of acidogenus and acidogenus in glucose-degrading bacteria cultured in an UASB (up2flow anaerobic sludge blanket) reactor for glucose fermentation and hydrogen production. The bacteria exhibited different ca2 pability to recover to produce hydrogen at different initial pH and temperature. Hydrogen production, VFA production, COD removal and COD balance were measured at different pH and 20, 37℃ respectively with the same glucose and VSS in vials. Results showed that there are different influences on the activity of acido2 genic bacteria at varied pH and result in a variety of amount of hydrogen production, specific hydrogen production and VFA production, etc. Through the present study, when nonmalized to the weight of VSS, a maximal biogas and hydrogen production of 171711ml/g and 87010ml/g were obtained when pH equals 9 at 37℃ and 679100ml/g of biogas, 246135ml/g of hydrogen were also got when pH equals 5 at 20℃ respective2ly. The maximal specific hydrogen production (SHA) was 116156 ml/h, garound 8 of pH value at 37℃ and 6146ml/h, garound 4 of pH value at 20℃, which were obtained by calculating the slope of the accumulated hydrogen gas via time. Butyric acid fermentation was important for hydrogen production. Large quantity of unknown COD was found in the vials when a small quantity of bio2gas was produced, but relative less un2known COD was determined when there was large quantity of hydrogen produced. This revealed a better engi2neering foreground for application of hydrogen bio2production.

采用浸渍法制备了RuO2 C2Al2O3和RuO2 CeO2 C2Al2O3催化剂，并利用XRD、SEM和XPS对催化剂进行了表征，研究了Ce的加入对RuO2 C2Al2O3催化剂表面分散性和催化剂表面元素Ru，O和Ce化学态的影响，同时考察了RuO2 C2Al2O3和RuO2 CeO2 C2Al2O3催化剂湿式氧化降解苯酚的活性，并深入探讨了Ce对RuO2 C2Al2O3催化剂的助催化作用。结果表明：Ce掺杂改性后，使催化剂表面Ru的化学态降低、表面氧空位增加，并且活性组分Ru的分散性增加，从而使RuO2 CeO2 C2Al2O3催化剂的活性提高，因此Ce起到了显著的助催化作用。

以异丙醇或异辛醇、五硫化二磷、稀土氯化物为原料，合成了四种油溶性二烷基二硫代磷酸稀土盐，以红外光谱和化学分析确定了所合成稀土盐的结构和化学组成，在四球实验机上研究了几种稀土盐抗磨添加剂在不同加入量的情况下的最大无卡咬负荷及在不同负荷下抗磨损能力，并与二烷基二硫代磷酸锌的性能进行了比较，结果表明：本研究制备的油溶性二异丙基二硫代磷酸镧LaDDP-3、二异丙基二硫代磷酸钕Nd2DDP-3和二异辛基二硫代磷酸镧LaDDP-8、二异辛基二硫代磷酸钕NdDDP-8具有比二烷基二硫代磷酸锌（ZnDDP）好的抗磨性能和减摩性能，EDXA分析表明在实验条件下，稀土元素摩擦扩渗进入了材料的表面，这可能是此类稀土盐具有优秀的抗磨性能的主要原因。

用硼砂、硝酸镧、适当的修饰剂及修饰工艺，制备了表面修饰纳米硼酸镧极压抗磨添加剂，以四球实验评价了其极压抗磨性能。结果表明，纳米硼酸镧的最大无卡咬负荷（PB）比目前普遍使用的极压抗磨剂二烷基二硫代磷酸锌高8%，且磨痕直径较小，用X射线光电子能谱分析了蚀球磨斑表面的化学成分，在摩擦副表面发现了B、La、Fe等的氧化物，证明了此类添加剂能够在摩擦过程中不仅能生成以氧化硼、氧化铁等为主要成分的边界润滑膜，还可能形成含镧、硼的渗透层，这是此类添加剂具有良好抗磨减摩性能的主要原因。

采用电沉积-热氧化法制备了含有中间层的Sb掺杂钛基SnO2电催化电极（Ti/SnO2），采用SEM、EDX以及XRD等检测方法对所制备电极的表面形貌、元素组成及结构进行分析，并以苯酚为目标有机物，研究所制备电极对有机污染物的电催化降解能力。研究结果表明所制备Ti/SnO2电极可在较短时间内将苯酚彻底降解，其较大的真实表面积以及电极中间层的存在是所制备电极性能提高的重要原因。阳极极化曲线扫描（LSV）的分析结果表明所制备的Ti/SnO2电极具有较高的阳极析氧电位，有利于有机物的阳极氧化降解。